Systems and organizations: Distal and proximal thinking

The paper introduces the contributions to this special issue ofSystems Practice on Systems and Organizations: New Directions in terms ofdistal andproximal thinking. Distal thinking refers to ready-made concepts, to the finished effects and outcomes of thought and action; proximal thinking, to process and event, to the continuous and unfinished. The papers presented here deal with various aspects of the distal/proximal distinction in social systems and organizations, and especially draw out the implications of recent work in information technology, sociology of technology, accounting theory, and organization studies for a proximal conception of systems and organizations.     

Numerical simulation of topography effects on the "00.7" severe rainfall in Beijing

In an effort to study the severe rainfall event of 4-5th July 2000 in Beijing (with 24h accumulated precipitation of 240 mm), we perform numerical simulations to investigate this event using the MM5v3.6 model. The model is initialized with the MM5/WRF 3DVAR analysis, which incorporates the ground-based GPS precipitable water vapor, automatic and conventional meteorological observations in its assimilation step. For 24 h accumulated precipitation forecast, the threat scores are 0.72, 0.76, 0.67 and 0.63, for thresholds of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm, respectively. Holding other factors unchanged, sensitivity experiments were conducted with different topographic resolutions of 110, 50 and 3.7 km to investigate the topographic effects on precipitation over the Beijing area. In these sensitivity experiments, we attempt to preserve the realistic orographic distribution in the model topography under the condition of keeping the dynamic-thermodynamic consistency of the initial model atmosphere to the extent possible. Results indicate that the unique topographic distribution and variations in the Beijing area play an important role in determining the location, distribution and intensity of heavy precipitation.     

台风Utor登陆广东过程的数值研究

台风Utor(0104)于2001年7月6日00时(UTC,下同)在广东汕尾地区登陆,带来比较严重的灾害性天气.以美国国家大气研究中心和宾州大学联合研制的第五代中尺度模式(MM5)为基础设计的台风预报模式比较准确地预报出台风Utor(0104)的移动路径(前24 h的移动路径平均误差为 68 km)和天气现象的分布.在此基础上,设计了3个敏感性试验:①是把华南地区(26°N以南,110°E以东)的陆地变为海洋,②是把华南地区的山地变为平地,③是减小华南地区陆地的粗糙度,即取为近似于静风的洋面上的值.对比数值试验的结果表明:引起台风登陆后减弱的最主要因子是下垫面水汽供应的切断,其次是下垫面粗糙度(摩擦)的影响;地形作用能使迎风坡的降水明显增加,但对台风强度则没有明显的影响.     

Dynamical framework with blocking topography coordinates for atmospheric GCM and its validation

The dynamical framework with Blocking Topography Coordinates (hereafter, BTC), which is suited to handle the steep topography for the atmospheric general circulation models, is presented in this paper, together with its validation results. The integral properties of both the differential and finite-difference equations for the BTC dynamical core are: gross mass conservation, quadratic conservation for advection terms, Coriolis force does not change the kinetic energy, conservation of total available energy. The improved nonlinear iteration scheme is utilized for the time-integration. The energy conservation for BTC dynamical core is validated by using the integration results from 9-layer and 21-layer version respectively. Comparison results show that, the changes of the kinetic energy and total available potential energy during the integration are quite close for both the BTC dynamical framework and the dynamical framework of IAP 9-level and IAP 21-level AGCM, and this may suggest that the BTC dynamical core can be used for long-term integration with good computational stability. Furthermore, the BTC dynamical core has the advantage over the terrain following (sigma) coordinates in its better representation of the influence of the large-scale topography on the atmospheric general circulation. Finally, the correctness and reasonableness of the BTC dynamical core has been further proved by the numerical simulation of the topography influence on the quasi-stationary planetary wave with 21-layer version of BTC dynamical framework.     

全息光栅干涉法测量曲面形貌的理论研究

基于光栅原理，提出一种可用于任意曲面形貌测量的全息光栅干涉的新方法，给出了光学原理实验系统，系统中采用氦氖激光为光源，反射型柱面全息衍射光栅为标准器，并用计算机软、硬件对光栅信号进行细分处理．实验表明，系统可获得较宽的动态范围和较高的分辨率，可用于测量曲面形貌．     

数字地形分析系统(DTAS)的设计

本文应用文献[1]和[7]的算法建立DTAS,设计DTAS软件,并应用DTM数据进行试验,获得了多种地形参数,并自动绘制出各种地形条件图。     

40Cr钢离子注入后表面形态变化初探

本文对40Cr钢详细测量、分析了其二维和三维的表面粗糙度,随注入能量和剂量不同各评定参数的变化趋势也不同.离子注入使粗糙度高度参数值普遍下降,间距参数值有时增大,有时减小,通过溅射作用有时使糙峰数减少,有时又产生新峰;形状参数上峰态也发生变化.对不同参数的注入表面尚进行了自相关函数和功率谱函数分析.     

铁路定线方案比选的一种新方法

在给定的线路平面上,利用数字地形模型,求出沿线地面标高,根据这些标高,用B样条函数法拟合出纵断面,在此纵断面线上作牵引计算,得到合力曲线和列车走行时分,并计算出线路通过能力、工程费和运营费,进行该平面线的各项评估.     

起伏地表条件下的波场上延法叠前深度偏移

直接从起伏地表开始的叠前深度偏移方法是分析复杂地表和复杂地质体成像的有效手段。借鉴Beasley和Lynn提出的“零速层”的概念与Reshef提出的“逐步一累加”法的思路，根据地震波在真实介质中的传播特性及波的可叠加性，利用“波场上延”法，实现基于相移（时间域）法上延和频率空间域有限差分（深度域）法（ω-xFD）上延的波动方程法叠前深度偏移成像。理论分析和模型试算结果表明，深度域“波场上延”法是解决起伏地表和地下复杂构造双重成像的一种有效方法，实现了波动方程基准面校正和深度域成像的有机结合，其有效性和准确性使该方法可用于实际资料的处理，有较好的应用前景。